Autoimmune connective tissue diseases are clinically variable, making biomarkers desirable for assessing future disease risk, supporting early and accurate diagnosis, monitoring disease activity and progression, selecting therapeutics and assessing treatment response.

A drug-induced sarcoidosis-like reaction (DISR) is a systemic granulomatous reaction that is indistinguishable from sarcoidosis and occurs in a temporal relationship with initiation of an offending drug. DISRs typically improve or resolve after withdrawal of the offending drug.

The aetiopathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is thought to result from a multistep process, where environmental factors induce a pathological activation of the immune system in susceptible individuals. Recent studies have suggested that the initial steps of the pathological autoimmune response originate in mucosal sites, rather than in the joints.

The incidence of melanoma has been rising rapidly over the past decades and accounts for the majority of mortality associated skin cancers[1]. Some immunotherapies have been developed to treat melanoma such as CTLA-4 inhibitors.

Immunotherapy with checkpoint inhibitors has revolutionized the management of metastatic melanoma. These checkpoints, namely the cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen 4 and the programmed T cell death 1 receptor, possess an inhibitory effect on the T cell function

Here, we discuss features of the mammalian immune system that enable it to orchestrate variable inflammatory responses that maintain and heal the body while protecting it from pathogenic infectious agents and tumors.

Immune checkpoint inhibitors block the checkpoint molecules. Different types of cancer immune checkpoint inhibitors have been approved recently: CTLA-4 monoclonal antibodies (as ipilimumab); anti-PD-1 monoclonal antibodies (as pembrolizumab and nivolumab); and anti-PD-L1 monoclonal antibodies (as atezolizumab, avelumab, and durmalumab).

Cancer and autoimmune diseases are the two devastating conditions that together constitute a leading health problem worldwide. The rising burden of these disorders in the developing world demands a multifaceted approach to address the challenges it poses.

Immune checkpoint inhibitors block the checkpoint molecules. Different types of cancer immune checkpoint inhibitors have been approved recently: CTLA-4 monoclonal antibodies (as ipilimumab); anti-PD-1 monoclonal antibodies (as pembrolizumab and nivolumab); and anti-PD-L1 monoclonal antibodies (as atezolizumab, avelumab, and durmalumab)

Over recent decades, many clinical trials on curcumin supplementation have been conducted on various autoimmune diseases including osteoarthritis, type 2 diabetes, and ulcerative colitis patients. This review attempts to summarize the highlights from these clinical trials.